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Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)
Das Forschungsgebiet CSCW beschäftigt sich damit, soziale Interaktion zu verstehen und (technische) Systeme zur Unterstützung der sozialen Interkation zwischen den Benutzern zu entwerfen, zu implementieren und zu evaluieren.Definitionen
Bowers und Bendford (1991, S. V) definieren CSCW von der Analyse her: "In its most general form, CSCW examines the possibilities and effects of technological support for humans involved in collaborative group communication and work processes" Greif (1988, S. XI) betont mehr die Aktivitäten, welche unterstützt werden sollen: " computer-assisted coordinated activity such as communication and problem solving carried out by a group of collaborating individuals" Ellis et al. (1991, S. 39) schreiben: "(CSCW) looks at how groups work together and seeks to discover how technology (especially computers) can help them work" Bannon und Schmidt (1989): "CSCW should be conceived as an endavor to understand the nature and characteristics of cooperative work with the objective of designing edequate computer-based technologies"Soziale Interaktion
Bei CSCW geht es um die Unterstützung verschiedener Ebenen von Sozialer Interaktion. Dabei werden gerne unterschieden (siehe auch das 3K-Modell nach Teufel):- Kommunikation
- Koordination
- Kooperation oder Kollaboration
- Koexistenz ("vor" Kommunikation)
- Konsens ("vor" Kooperation)
- Michael Schrage "Shared Minds" S. 140: "... collaboration is the process of shared creation: two or more individuals with complementary skills interactng to create a shared understanding that none had previously possessed or could have come to on their own. Collaboration creates a shared meaning about a process, a product, or an event. In this sense, there is nothing routine about it. Something is there that wasn't there before."
- Leo Denise 1999: "Unlike communication, [collaboration] is not about exchanging information. It is about using information to create something new. Unlike coordination, collaboration seeks divergent insight and spontaneity, not structural harmony. And unlike cooperation, collaboration thrieves on differences and requires the sparks of dissent.", http://www.zsr.org/results-framework-resources-2/collaborationvstheothercwords.pdf
Technische Systeme
Im Zusammenhang mit CSCW beschäftigt man sich mit dem Einsatz verschiedener Typen von Software:Theorien
- Approximate Information Flow (AIF) Model (Jiang et al. 2002 - Approximate Information Flows: Socially-based Modeling of Privacy in Ubiquitius Computing, Proc. Ubicomp 2002)
- information sharing between users in ubiquitous computing environments
- Focus-Nimbus model by Beford and Fahlen (1993), Benford et al. (1993, 1995)
- spatial model of group interaction
- defines "measure/level of awareness" - used for filtering
- describes how much aware two entities are about each other in a particular space
- extended by Rodden to non spatial awareness situation (Rodden 1996)
- Focus-Nimbus-Aspect-Attributes-Resources Model (FN-AAR) - Metaxas and Markopoulos (2007)
- describes of what are the entities aware in a particular situation in relation to each other
- entities, aspects, attributes, resources, observable items
Anderes Interessantes rund um CSCW
Sozialpsychologie hat gezeigt (TBD: Referenzen), dass Gruppenarbeit generell an einigen "group process losses" leidet (Nunamaker et al 1991: Electronic meeting systems to support group work, CACM 34(7), p 46) (Dennis and Valacich 1993: Computer brainstorms: More heads are better than one, Journal of applied psychology, p 531)- information overload:
- production blocking
- free riding
- evaluation apprehension
- production matching
- domination
- synergy
- learning
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